Why America Needs Hydraulic Fracturing - 1876 Words

Why America needs hydraulic fracturing Hydraulic fracturing also called fracking has been around for many years despite the recent events of controversy to continue fracturing or not. With the earth’s resources depleting rapidly every year and no sufficient replacement for energy humanity needs fracking. The process of fracking has been around for more than six decades. Fracking has been around since the 1940s and was created to increase the removal flow of oil and natural gas. In the words of chemical engineer Robert Rapier â€Å"Fracking involves pumping water, chemicals, and a proppant down an oil or gas well under high pressure to break open channels in the rock holding the oil or gas (Rapier).† A proppant can be different materials,†¦show more content†¦Therefore with resources becoming scarce humanity needs to extract the most from what the earth has. In fact from adding gasoline to your vehicle, to power plant facilities using natural gas instead of burning coal to power homes, to compu tes and cell phones, almost everything in our lives depend on an oil based product and fracking is the solution for the depletion of fossil fuels. Three controversial issues with hydraulic fracking are nearly everything people use daily has a petroleum based product, contamination of drinking water also the surrounding soil, and the financial impact on the economy. Many people in America do not realize the positives that comes with fracking. It is a great way to help the economy in the United States. Fracking decreases the price of all petroleum products including the price in gas. When gas prices decrease it allows other products such as food, plastics, and other petroleum goods to also go down in price. With these savings being passed down to the consumers it makes the cost of living in America much easier for many people who are living with a minimum wage budget. Minimum wage going up in Oregon and gas prices declining creates a stir in people making them spend more and b uilds consumer confidence on what is spent. In turn this rapid spending creates a boom in the American economy. With fracking producing nine million barrels a day and decreasing prices by forty five

The Life of Billy Pilgrim in Vonneguts...

The Life of Billy Pilgrim in Vonneguts Slaughterhouse-Five or The Childrens Crusade Marked by two world wars and the anxiety that accompanies humanitys knowledge of the ability to destroy itself, the Twentieth Century has produced literature that attempts to depict the plight of the modern man living in a modern waste land. If this sounds dismal and bleak, it is. And that is precisely why the dark humor of Kurt Vonnegut, Jr. shines through our post-modern age. The devastating bombing of Dresden, Germany at the close of World War II is the subject of Vonneguts most highly acclaimed work, Slaughterhouse-Five or The Childrens Crusade: A Duty Dance with Death. Vonneguts experience as an American POW in Dresden†¦show more content†¦Vonnegut was there, and his compulsion to tell about it urged him to eventually find a way. Ironically, it was the cool meat locker of Slaughterhouse-Five in Dresden, three levels beneath the earth, that saved Vonnegut and a handful of POWs from the bombing that killed the thousands of men, women and children above ground in the German town. While exchanging memories with an old war buddy, Bernard V. OHare, Vonnegut sensed Mrs. OHares obvious rage. Her livid commentary on Vonneguts attempt to write about Dresden inspired the subtitle The Childrens Crusade: You were just babies in the war-like the ones upstairs! . . . Youll pretend you were men instead of babies, and youll be played in movies by Frank Sinatra and John Wayne or some of those other glamorous, war-loving, dirty old men. And war will look just wonderful, so well have a lot more of them. And theyll be fought by babies, like the babies upstairs (18). Vonnegut explains his vow to Mary OHare to set out against any machoistic depiction of the massacre at Dresden, hence the name, The Childrens Crusade: A Duty-Dance with Death. His narrative begins with the simple Billy Pilgrim who has come unstuck in time (29). The pilgrimage of Billy Pilgrim does not begin at Dresden or end with his death decades later. Billy is unstuck in time, and the moments of hisShow MoreRelated The Theme of Time in Slaughterhouse-Five Essay1065 Words   |  5 PagesThe Theme of Time in Slaughterhouse-Five Many writers in history have written science fiction novels and had great success with them, but only a few have been as enduring over time as Kurt Vonneguts Slaughterhouse-Five. Slaughterhouse-Five is a personal novel which draws upon Vonneguts experiences as a scout in World War Two, his capture and becoming a prisoner of war, and his witnessing of the fire bombing of Dresden in February of 1945 (the greatest man-caused massacre in history). 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Kant and the Prolegomena to Any Future Metaphysics Free Essays

According to Kant metaphysics is the â€Å"occupation of reason with itself†. In more concrete terms, it is the mind making logical connections between a priori concepts and coming to an objective truth thereby, without reference to experience.[1] The question posed by him in the Prolegomena is whether such an objective truth is at all possible. We will write a custom essay sample on Kant and the Prolegomena to Any Future Metaphysics or any similar topic only for you Order Now The conclusion derived in the end is that there is indeed such an objective truth, which is effected through pure reason. But equally important in the assertion is that such metaphysics is beyond human understanding. The title â€Å"Prolegomena to Any Future Metaphysics† suggests that Kant does indeed anticipate an irrefutable metaphysics to be in the grasp of men in the future, but he never makes such a claim in the text itself. The thing that Kant aimed for was clarity in the field of metaphysical endeavor, and this is the ‘future metaphysics’. ‘Future’ can be interpreted in two ways here. First in the sense already suggested, so that metaphysical thinking is founded on a scientific basis, in which the terms and strategies it employs are well defined. But it can also be hinting at transcendental possibility, that by which all contradictions are resolved through â€Å"pure reason†. Scientific clarity is the aim, and thus Kant justifies the labor involved in Critique Of Pure Reason (1781), of which the Prolegomena was a sequel meant to make more accessible. He is at pains to point out that there is a moral obligation involved here. People cannot surrender themselves to unreason, because reason is the very make-up of the human, so postulates Kant. The suggestion that reason be abandoned was made by David Hume, who had spelt out a comprehensive theory of empirical skepticism. All our knowledge is through sense perceptions, therefore are entirely subjective, and cannot be tied into an absolute whole through the application of reason. It is merely by the means of custom that we acquire a coherent worldview, he maintained.[2] Kant saw this as a capitulation to unreason. It was not just Hume’s personal viewpoint that mattered. It was indeed a wider crisis in metaphysics that he was addressing. When Newton’s physics could not be subsumed under any metaphysics, this engendered an intellectual confusion, and Hume’s solution was that metaphysics be abandoned as impossible. Kant enjoined that it is impossible to abandon metaphysics, for man reasons by necessity. Instead of finality we must aim for metaphysical clarity, and this is absolutely contingent upon us, indeed a moral obligation. He made what seem to be boastful claims about the crucial importance of the Critique in the history of metaphysics, but a closer examination will show that it is not from conceit, but rather from moral outrage. The true nature of metaphysics is laid out with scientific clarity in the Critique and the Prolegomena, and this is the essence that Kant wants to convey, not the final outcome. He takes Hume to task in the very opening of the Critique:  Although all our knowledge begins with experience, it does not follow that it arises entirely from experience. For it is quite possible that our empirical knowledge is a compound of that which we receive through impressions and that which our own faculty of knowing (incited by impressions) supplies from itself.[3] When considering sensual perception he first makes the distinction between a priori and a posteriori, the first suggesting an innate facility of the mind, and the second is a facility borne after the event. The second distinction is between analytical and synthetic propositions. In an analytic proposition the predicate is contained within the subject, such as â€Å"the flamingo is a bird†. In a synthetic proposition the predicate adds something new to the subject, such as â€Å"the flamingo is pink†. The pinkness is not in the definition of flamingo, but rather has to be got from observation, and therefore it is also a posteriori. Synthetic a posteriori propositions are employed in the field of natural science. On the other hand all mathematical truths are innate, i.e. we ascertain their truth before sensory perception. They are also synthetic: when we say â€Å"3+4=7†, then ‘7’ is a new concept, not contained in either ‘3’ of ‘4’. Mathematics holds the key to metaphysics, according to Kant. It demonstrates that synthetic a priori propositions are possible, which is contrary to normal expectation. We feel that whatever is innate is necessarily analytical. We are what we are, separated from the objective natural world beyond us. Against this instinctive point of view, Kant contended that we are not passive observers of an external world separated from us, but that with our innate faculties we â€Å"synthesize† our own subjective reality. The first stage of this synthesis is when we intuit objects in our perception. â€Å"Things in themselves† can never appear to us; we only have subjective sensory data to work with. It is a meaningless jumble of light, sound, touch, taste and smell, but then our faculty of sensibility intervenes and creates order out of this chaos. This faculty is synthetic a priori, and makes use of pure intuitions. Space is one such pure intuition. Newton had maintained that space is an external, absolute and inviolable reality. Kant counters that, no, space is pure intuition. Time is another such. Through the faculties of sensibility we come to make a judgment of perception. Thus far it is an entirely subjective viewpoint, with no objective framework to relate to that would link our views with those of others. This is the function of our judgment of experience. It too is synthetic a priori, and links the objects of perception into a rational order that facilitates understanding. This is done through pure concepts of understanding, and causation is one of them. Through this faculty we know that one event is cause to another, and thus wise we have come across Hume’s impasse, where he could find no rational construct that could link a effect to a cause when confined to empirical sense data.[4] â€Å"Cause and effect† is thus a concept of human understanding. Such understanding is composed of components that are a priori and synthetic, and it is meant to make the world intelligible to us. Just because the world is made intelligible, it does not imply that we do not meet contradiction. When we think we do so discursively, i.e. we think by making propositions in terms of subjects and predicates. But each subject we introduce is the predicate of another subject in an infinite chain. Because the absolute subject is beyond our grasp, discursive reason naturally leads to fallacies. In fact each truthful proposition will be found to have an equally valid refutation, which together are described as pairs of antimonies. Kant cites four cosmological antimonies, one of which places infinite space against a limited one. He goes on to show that there is no contradiction in essence. As originating in the judgment of perception space does indeed have a beginning. But as regards human understanding space is necessarily infinite. The conflict arises from metaphysics failing to distinguish the noumenal (thing in itself) from the phenomenal (as appears to human understanding). Thus far does metaphysics gain clarity, but not finality. The human mind cannot help ponder on the questions of metaphysics, but it must come to terms with the fact that it is ‘bounded’. Human understanding is meant to make the outer world intelligible, and thus proves inadequate when the focus is redirected to the inner essence of the mind, which is the object that metaphysics must study. But the overriding lesson of metaphysics is that pure reason subsumes all. One must not despair of human reason, for one must know that it originates in pure reason and is overcome by it in the end. Subservience to pure reason is indeed a moral obligation. Other than clarity in metaphysics, which is not suitable for all, Kant advanced his categorical imperative: â€Å"I ought never to act except in such a way that I could also will that my maxim should become a universal law.†[5] We cannot help noticing that this is only a rewording of the golden rule of Christianity: â€Å"Do unto others as you would they should do unto you.†[6] Thus through clarity in metaphysics Kant can be said to have arrived at religious doctrine too. References Hume, David. An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding. Ed. Eric Steinberg. Boston: Hackett Publishing, 1993. Jeffrey, David L. A Dictionary of Biblical Tradition in English Literature.  Grand Rapids, MI: Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing, 1992. Kant, Immanuel. Critique of Pure Reason. Trans. Werner S. Pluhar. Ed. Eric Watkins. Boston: Hackett Publishing Company, 1999. Kant, Immanuel. Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals. Ed. Mary Gregor. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998. Kant, Immanuel. Kant’s Prolegomena to Any Future Metaphysics. Whitefish, MT: Kessinger Publishing, 2005. [1] Immanuel Kant, Kant’s Prolegomena to Any Future Metaphysics, Whitefish, MT: Kessinger Publishing, 2005, p. 92. [2] David Hume, An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding, Ed. Eric Steinberg, Boston: Hackett Publishing, 1993, p. 29. [3] Immanuel Kant, Critique of Pure Reason. Trans. Werner S. Pluhar, Ed. Eric Watkins, Boston: Hackett Publishing Company, 1999, p. 1. [4] Hume, Enquiry, p. 49. [5] Immanuel Kant, Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals, Ed. Mary Gregor, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998, p. 16. [6] David L. Jeffrey, A Dictionary of Biblical Tradition in English Literature,  Grand Rapids, MI: Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing, 1992, p. 314. How to cite Kant and the Prolegomena to Any Future Metaphysics, Essay examples

Academic Writing on Riders to the Sea Essay Example For Students

Academic Writing on Riders to the Sea Essay Edmund John Millington Synge ( 1871-1909 ) . an Irish dramatist. wrote ‘Riders to the Sea’ . one of his first two one-act dramas ( the other one is ‘The Shadow of the Glen’ ) . ‘Riders to the Sea’ ( 1904 ) is Synge’s dramatic response to the experience of his frequent visits in the Aran Islands. ‘Riders to the Sea’ dramatizes the archetypical battle of adult male against the hostile natural forces and rends man’s inevitable licking in the struggle against predestination which brings out a tragic consequence at the terminal of the drama. We will write a custom essay on Academic Writing on Riders to the Sea specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now This one-act drama is a calamity that portrays a tight and synthesized image of hopeless battle of an Aran adult female and her weakness against the destiny. Ernest A. Boyd ( American critic and writer ) in ‘The Contemporary Drama of Ireland’ provinces that ‘Riders to the Sea’ . sums up the kernel of the â€Å"constant battle of the Aran island-dwellers against their relentless enemy. the sea. † The supporter in J. M. Synge’s one-act drama Riders to the Sea. Maurya. is an old Aran fisher-woman. whose name echoes the Grecian word moria. intending destiny. Riders to the Sea does non suit the cast of authoritative Grecian calamity. as Aristotle defined it. for its cardinal character is a provincial. non a individual of high estate and she does non convey about her ain ruin. Maurya is therefore clearly different from the classical supporters such as Oedipus. Agamemnon or Antigone. all of whom are highborn. While classical and Renaissance tragic supporters undergo enduring owing to their ‘hubris’ or ‘hamartia’ . Maurya appears to be a inactive and incapacitated victim in the custodies of the destructive sea. In Maurya’s instance. no profound inquiry seems to be raised about the complicated relationship between homo will and predestination. Yet. she resembles the great traditional supporters in her epic power of endurance and the religious transcendency over her agony. In J. M. Synge’s drama. Riders to the Sea. the audience is confronted with a narrative of an Aran female parent of eight kids populating on an island off the western seashore of Ireland. When the drama opens. we find out that she has lost her hubby and five of her six boies to the sea. which is necessary for support as agencies of conveyance to the mainland and besides for engagement in the fishing industry. Her two girls. Cathleen and Nora. are besides present. The lone boy. Bartley. needs to take the Equus caballuss to fair across the bay. and Maurya begs him non to go forth. But Bartley insists that he will traverse the mainland in malice of air currents and high seas. Mad and aggravated at Bartley for non listening to her supplications. Maurya allows him to travel. nevertheless. without her approval. Cathleen and Nora persuade their female parent to trail Bartley with the nutrient they forgot to give him and to give him her blessing regardless of her frights. Maurya returns horrified with a vision she has seen of Michael siting on the Equus caballus behind Bartley. When the misss show her Michael’s apparels her lone response is that the good white boards she had bought for his casket would function for Bartley alternatively. Even as she speaks. the adjacent adult females troop in. their voices raised in the â€Å"keen. † that humdrum Irish chant of heartache. Work forces follow conveying the organic structure of Bartley. The drama crawls to the terminal through Maurya’s fatalistic entry. They’re all gone now and at that place isn’t anything more the sea can make to me. † She can kip now with no concern but that of famishment. In the ageless conflict between the life-giver and the destroyer. between the female parent and the destructive sea. Maurya. at last. ironically. is exultant. Having lost all her boies. she has been liberated from the everlasting rhythm of agony and heartache. .u4aa6e7249376479748489b09da023726 , .u4aa6e7249376479748489b09da023726 .postImageUrl , .u4aa6e7249376479748489b09da023726 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u4aa6e7249376479748489b09da023726 , .u4aa6e7249376479748489b09da023726:hover , .u4aa6e7249376479748489b09da023726:visited , .u4aa6e7249376479748489b09da023726:active { border:0!important; } .u4aa6e7249376479748489b09da023726 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u4aa6e7249376479748489b09da023726 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u4aa6e7249376479748489b09da023726:active , .u4aa6e7249376479748489b09da023726:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u4aa6e7249376479748489b09da023726 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u4aa6e7249376479748489b09da023726 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u4aa6e7249376479748489b09da023726 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u4aa6e7249376479748489b09da023726 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u4aa6e7249376479748489b09da023726:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u4aa6e7249376479748489b09da023726 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u4aa6e7249376479748489b09da023726 .u4aa6e7249376479748489b09da023726-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u4aa6e7249376479748489b09da023726:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Hurricane Andrew EssayAt this point. she seems to retreat her understanding from the community of world when her disenchantment compels her to province – â€Å"I won’t care what manner the sea is when the other adult females will be lamenting. The concluding stage of Maurya’s enduring reveals a passage from wretchedness to a profound tragic transcendency. Like the Sophoclean supporters. she achieves cognition and enlightenment out of wretchedness and heroically accepts her tragic muss. Tragic wisdom illuminates her head into the apprehension that decease is an indispensable episode in the cosmopolitan rhythm of life. Alternatively of impeaching God. s he reconciles to her destiny courageously and gracefully and accepts her wretchedness as the sublime will of God. Reconstructing a broken life into a new being of religion and selflessness. she achieves tragic self-respect and lift in the eyes of the audience. She invokes God’s approvals upon all – â€Å"†¦ . may He hold mercy on my psyche. Nora. and the psyche of everyone is left life in the universe. † Maurya. as portrayed by J. M. Synge in ‘Riders to the Sea’ . is genuinely an unforgettable character who wins our esteem by her unusual power of endurance. by her capacity to defy her bad lucks. and by her dignified behavior at a clip when she has suffered the most painful mourning of her life. Finally. she gives look to her stoical credence of her and destiny in the undermentioned memorable words— â€Å"No adult male at all can be populating everlastingly. and we must be satisfied. Declan Kiberd. an Irish author and bookman in his ‘Synge and the Irish Language’ ( Macmillan: London 1979 ) notes that Synge’s dramatic linguistic communication attempts to let the Aran island-dwellers â€Å"to speak straight for themselves. † showing that Maurya’s celebrated words . â€Å"No adult male at all†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ . must be satisfied† ( III. 27 ) . are translated about straight from a missive to Synge from an Inishmaan friend. Maurya is drawn to be regarded as tragic character in the proper sense of the word. After all we are reading a one-act drama in which an detailed portraiture was non possible. Besides. there is no existent struggle either in Maurya’s head or between Maurya and fortunes. She has merely to stay inactive because there is no other pick for her. ‘Tess’ in Thomas Hardy’s celebrated fresh ‘Tess of the D’urbervilles’ is a tragic character because she puts up a brave battle against inauspicious fortunes. but cipher can contend against the sea which is the cause of the calamity in Synge’s drama. The terminal comes necessarily and this once more is traditional. Dunbar’s ‘Lament for the Maker’s’ may stand to encompass them all. So to cite: â€Å"Since for the Death remeid is none. Best is that we for Death dispone. After our decease that unrecorded may we: Timor Mortis conturbat me. † The play by virtuousness of being a one-act drama inescapably limits Synge’s range. But. in that limited range Synge has achieved singular consequence of tragic impact. The consequence is one of the most deeply traveling calamities of all time written. W. B. Yeats on Synge’s construct of manner provinces â€Å"The first usage of Irish idiom. rich. abundant. and right. for the intent of originative art was in J. M. Synge’s Riders to the Sea† ( Plays in Prose and Verse Written for an Irish Theatre. London: Macmillan 1922 ) .

Philosophy 101 Study Guide Essay Example

Philosophy 101 Study Guide Essay * Socrates: Philosopher who believed in an absolute right or wrong; asked students pointed questions to make them use their reason, later became Socratic Method. Charged with introducing strange gods and corrupting the young, he committed suicide. * Rhetoric: Saying things in a convincing matter * Skepticism: The idea that nothing can ever be known for certain. * Sophists: A wise and informed person, critical of traditional mythology, rejected fruitless philosophical speculations. A member of a school of ancient Greek professional philosophers who were expert in and taught the skills of rhetoric, argument, and debate, but were criticized for specious reasoning. * Socratic Irony: Feign Ignorance, or pretend to be dumber than really are to expose the weaknesses of peoples thinking * â€Å"One thing only I know, and that is that I know nothing† * â€Å"He knows what good is will do good† * Plato (428-347 B. C. Athens, Greece): Student of Socrates. Established The Academy. Wrote Dialogues. He was a Dualist. * Two parts to a human: Body ; Soul Plato regarded the body and soul as separate entities * A person may crave or have an appetite for something, yet resist the craving with willpower. A correctly operating soul requires the highest part, reason, to control the lowest part, appetite, with assistance from the will. * Plato believed that though the body dies and disintegrates, the soul continues to live forever. After the death of the body, the soul migrates to what Plato called the realm of the pure forms. There, it exists without a body, contemplating the forms. We will write a custom essay sample on Philosophy 101 Study Guide specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Philosophy 101 Study Guide specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Philosophy 101 Study Guide specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer After a time, the soul is reincarnated in another body and returns to the world. But the reincarnated soul retains a dim recollection of the realm of forms and yearns for it * Theory of ideas/forms: the reality behind the material world, which contains the eternal and immutable â€Å"patterns† behind the various phenomena, we come across in nature. * Plato believed that everything tangible in nature flows. There are no substances that do not dissolve, and so everything is made of a timeless mold or form that is eternal and immutable. * Eternal: Lasting or existing orever; without end or beginning. * Immutable: Unable to be changed * Form (Ideas): A form is an abstract property or quality. Take any property of an object; separate it from that object and consider it by itself, and you are contemplating a form. For example, if you separate the roundness of a basketball from its color, its weight, etc. and consider just roundness by itself, you are thinking of the from of roundnes s. * The forms are transcendent. This means that they do not exist in space and time. A material object, a basketball, exists at a particular place at a particular time. A form, roundness, does not exist at any place or time. * Pure the forms only exemplify one property. Material objects are impure; they combine a number of properties such as blackness, circularity, and hardness into one object. * Archetypes The forms are archetypes; that is, they are perfect examples of the property that they exemplify. The forms are the perfect models upon which all material objects are based. The form of redness, for example, is red, and all red objects are simply imperfect * Ultimately Real The forms are the ultimately real entities, not material objects. All material objects are copies or images of some collection of forms; their reality comes only from the forms. * Causes The forms are the causes of all things. * They provide the explanation of why any thing is the way it is * They are the source or origin of the being of all things * Systematically Interconnected The forms comprise a system leading down from the form of the Good moving from more general to more particular, from more objective to more subjective. This systematic structure is reflected in the structure of the dialectic process by which we come to knowledge of the forms. * Realm of Forms (World of Ideas): The world that we perceive through the mind, using our concepts, seems to be permanent and unchanging. Humans have access to the realm of forms through the mind, through reason, given Platos theory of the subdivisions of the human soul. This gives them access to an unchanging world, invulnerable to the pains and changes of the material world. By detaching ourselves from the material world and our bodies and developing our ability to concern ourselves with the forms, we find a value which is not open to change or disintegration. * Realm of the Illusory (World of the Senses): The world we perceive through the senses seems to be always changing. It seems that all the objects we perceive with the senses are simply images or experiences in our mind. They are only subjective points of views on the real objects. For example, the world appears radically differently to a color blind person than it does to us. The objects that we perceive as colored, then, must not be the real objects, but just our experience of these objects that is determined by my particular subjective point of view and perceptual apparatus. * True Knowledge * He believed that as result of the constant change within the material world we could never really have true knowledge. * Eros: Greek god of love; son of Aphrodite; often shown blindfolded * Rationalism: the belief that human reason is the primary source of our knowledge of the world * Three parts of the Soul Reason (Intellect) * In the Head * Provide Wisdom * Where our individual/ unique talents lie * If reason functions excellently (arete) then we are wise to that extent * If we exercise wisdom to the extent then that part of the soul is excellent * Responsible for love of learning, spirited, animated * Passion [Appetite/Desire] * From Greek word â€Å"Pathe† meaning the irrational movements of the soul * In gut * Provides temperance If passion functions excellently then we are temperate * If we exercise temperance to the extent then that part of the soul is excellent * Responsible for Desire * Thymos * Means Spirit/Will * In Heart * Provides Courage * Can help reason master passion * If we exercise courage to the extent then that part of the soul is excellent * Responsible for anger * Views on Women: Plato believed that women had a right, or you might even call it a role to play in society. Their role was to be a significant part of society, different from men, but still play a part. Plato believed that women were necessary for society to run smoothly. * Women were not equals of men * Women lacked strength * Women are naturally maternal * In Plato’s time it was unheard of to view women as more than a piece of property. * Dualist: a sharp division between the reality of thought and extended reality. * Aristotle (384-322 B. C; Macedonia, Athens): Pupil of Platos. Believed Platos world of ideas did not exist but that the eternal idea was really a concept- the idea of a horse that we have after seeing many of them. Learn know through the senses. 20 questions. Causes * What type of material it is made of? * Wood * What type of thing it is? * Table * What caused it to come into being? * How it was built; the task needed to be done to create the table * Purpose or Final Cause (Telos): The purpose, end, aim, or goal of something. The final cause is the cause why a thing exists. * Meant to be a dinner table or desk * Views on Women: Viewed them as â€Å"unfinished men†. * Golden Mean: One cannot be too much of one thing or too less, need to be balanced * Empiricism: Derive all knowledge from what the senses tell us. There are no innate ideas and cannot prove the existence of God, eternity or substance * Hellenism: The period of time and the Greek-dominated culture that prevailed in the three Hellenistic Kingdoms of Macedonia, Syria, and Egypt. The diffusion of Greek Culture throughout the Mediterranean world after the conquest of Alexander the Great. * The Cynics: True happiness doesnt come from external advantages, like power/good health. Once you have true happiness, it cant be lost. Their own/others health shouldnt disturb them. * The Stoics * Stoicism was founded by a man named Zeno, who lived from 335-263 BC. He used to lecture not in a classroom but outside, on the porch of a public building * The word for porch in Greek is STOA, and so people called his students Stoics * People should try to reach inner peacefulness * Moderate in everything * Be happy with what they had. This would lead to a happy life * The best indication of an individuals philosophy was not what a person said but how h e behaved * Destructive emotions resulted from errors in judgment * Sage: person of moral and intellectual perfection * Would not suffer from such emotions The Epicureans: They believed pleasure is the greatest good, but to attain pleasure was to live modestly, gain knowledge of the workings of the world, and limit to ones desires. * Neo-Platonism: Belief of two poles on Earth, one end is the dive light called the One (God). Other end is absolute darkness, no existence, the absence of light. * Syncretism: The combining of different beliefs, often while melding practices of various schools of thought. * Mysticism: One with God, merging with him. I am God. or I am You. * Two Cultures The Indo-Europeans: Related languages of Europe, India, and Iran, which are believed to have descended from a common tongue spoken roughly in the third millennium B. C. by an agricultural peoples originating in SE Europe * The Semites: A member of any of the peoples who speak or spoke a Semitic language , including in particular the Jews and Arabs- mostly Middle Easterners, they saw history as an on going line, world will end on judgment day * The Middle Ages: Period of European history from the 5th century to the 15th century * St. Augustine: Latin-speaking philosopher and theologian who lived in the Roman Africa Province. Influence of the Arabs: The Arabic-Latin translation movements in the Middle Ages, which paralleled that from Greek into Latin, led to the transformation of almost all philosophical disciplines in the medieval Latin world. * St. Thomas Aquinas: Tried to make Aristotle’s philosophy compatible with Christianity. Believed Christendom and philosophy were the same thing. Used bible as a source of reason. Created a synthesis between faith and knowledge. Said there are natural theological truths—truths that can be reached through both Christian faith and innate reason. Tried to prove gods existence of Aristotle’s philosophy. Everything has a formal cause. God has revealed himself to mankind through both reason and the bible. * The Renaissance: period of European history at the close of the Middle Ages and the rise of the modern world; a cultural rebirth from the 14th through the middle of the 17th centuries * Reformation: religious movement of 16th century that began as an attempt to reform the Roman Catholic Church and resulted in the creation of Protestant churches * Three Major Discoveries: The compass, Firearms, and printing press. The Baroque: Historic period from about 1600 until 1750 when the baroque style of art, architecture, and music flourished in Europe * Carpe Diem: Seize the day. * Memento Mori: Remember your mortality- meaning Remember, you will die. * Idealism: the philosophical theory that ideas are the only reality. * Materialism: the belief of material things (atoms and the void). All real things derive from concrete subst ances. Determinism: Laplace (french mathematician) said that everything that happens is predetermined- contradicting the belief of free will and suggests that the outcome of everything is written in the stars * Descartes: French philosopher and mathematician; developed dualistic theory of mind and matter. Father of modern Philosophy. * His main concern was what we can know – certain knowledge * â€Å"Je pense donc je suis†: I think, therefore I am * â€Å"Cogito ergo sum†: I think, therefore I am said by Rene Descartes. * Two Forms of Reality: Thought Extention Agnostic: Unsure/Undecided/Needs more information. Unable to say categorically whether or not the gods/God exists; brought about by Sophist Protagoras * Atheist: Does not believe in God. * Spinoza: Baruch Spinoza-Jewish-Dutch rationalist (one of the great rationalists in 17th century); opposed Descartes mind-body dualism; he laid groundwork for Enlightenment. Also wrote the book of Ethics * Historico-Cri tical Interpretation of the Bible: Spinoza applied the scientific method to the reading of Scripture, and this became what is now known as the â€Å"historical-critical method. His view was that religious conflict in Europe was a result of differing interpretation on key biblical passages. He developed this method of reading Scripture in order to bring about universal agreement on its meaning. * Pantheist: God is infinite, he is present in everything. * Universal Law of Nature: the laws and rules of nature, according to which all things happen, and change from one form to another, are always and everywhere the same. So the way of understanding the nature of anything, of whatever kind, must also be the same, * One Substance: The claim that there is one and only one substance. This substance he identifies as God. * â€Å"Substance†: Does not need the conception of any other thing in order to be conceived * substance is its own cause * that it is infinite * that it is the only substance; for if there were two substances, they would limit each other and cease to be independent * Monist: reduces nature and the condition of all things to one single substance. Inner-Cause: Humans come to understand that their struggle follows by necessity from the struggle of Nature, and that it has an inner link with other parts of the environment through a common inner cause, Nature. * Determinist: Laplace (french mathematician) said that everything that happens is predetermined- contradicting the belief of free will and suggests that the outcome of everything is written in the stars * Free Will: Doctrine that conduct of the individual is the result of personal choice. not divine forces of fate) * Locke: English empiricist philosopher who believed that all knowledge is derived from sensory experience. * Empiricism: Derive all knowledge from what the senses tell us- came from Aristotle. There are no innate ideas and cannot prove the existence of God, eternity or substance) * Two questions about ideas? * Where do we get all of these ideas which are the content of our knowedge? * Whether things in the world fit our ideas, and not whether our ideas correspond to the nature of things in the world * Tabula Rasa: Clean slate. Primary Qualities: Extension, weight, senses reproduce them objectively. * Secondary Qualities: Color, smell; reproduce the things that are inherent in the things themselves. * Natural Rights: Lockes political philosophy is his theory of natural rights privileges or claims to which an individual was entitled * Hume (1711-1776; English): Scottish philosopher whose sceptical philosophy restricted human knowledge to that which can be perceived by the senses. He was an Empiricist. * Two types of Perception * Impression: how we experience the world Ideas: what we recall of our impressions * Faith v. Knowledge: Knowledge is divided into three Categories * Knowledge * Belief * Faith (this is of lower grade than belief and knowledge) * Laws of Nature or Cause Effect: Emphasized that the expectation of one thing following another does not lie in the things themselves, but in our mind. Sophist Teaching compared to Socrates Teachings: Sophists desired money in return for teaching young men various things about political and social life, such as rhetoric. ? Socrates was a philosopher, whom spent his days wandering around the gym and the agora, talking to people. He developed a following of young Greeks, such as Plato and Xenephon. Socrates did not charge for his teachings. He also made a habit of proving just how little Sophists actually knew. Many people did b elieve Socrates was a Sophist and this is a reasonable claim, because Sophist were know to be knowledgeable people that taught the same skills Socrates was. Although Socrates would not consider himself a Sophist and would be known to talk down about them about how little they actually knew. Plato’s Myth of the Cave: A few people were sitting underground in a cave, facing the wall. They cannot turn around, and all they have ever seen are shadows of objects projected onto the wall. One manages to turn around, and he sees the actual items that he has only ever seen shadows of. It is completely dazzling. Plato is trying to demonstrate the relationship of the material world and the world of ideas. Compared to the world of ideas, the material world is dreary. When Aristotle disagreed with Plato’s Theory of Forms; What did Aristotle offer up as an alternative explanation for Reality? Aristotle argued that the theory of forms is seriously flawed: it is not supported by good arguments; it requires a form for each thing; and it is too mathematical. Worst of all, on Aristotles view, the theory of forms cannot adequately explain the occurrence of change. By identifying the thing with its essence, the theory cannot account for the generation of new substances. Aristotle was the first philosopher to formalize the subject of Metaphysics. As Aristotle explains, Metaphysics is the study of the One Substance (and its Properties) which exists and causes / connects all things, and is therefore the necessary foundation for all human knowledge. Aristotle was correct to realize that One Substance must have Properties that cause matters interconnected activity and motion. Hellenistic Period in Mediterranean World (300 BCE 0 400 BCE): Common themes that pervaded multiple cultures at this time? The time between the death of King Alexander the Great and the emergence of Ancient Greece * the term Hellenistic to define the period when Greek culture spread in the non-Greek world after Alexander’s conquest * The Greek language being established as the official language of the Hellenistic world * The art and literature of the era were transformed accordingly to more Greek styles * The Greek were the majority over the Mediterranean world, but they ofte n outnumbered by natives in the land; sometime there would be little interaction in some places between the Greek and the natives * The development of the Alexander Romance (mainly in Egypt) owes much to Greek theater as well as other styles of story. * The spread of Greek culture throughout the Near East and Asia owed much to the development of cities. * The identification of local gods with similar Greek deities facilitated the building of Greek-style temples, and the Greek culture in the cities also meant that buildings. How is Christianity a blending between the Indo-European Semitic World views? The Greeks and Romans are a part of Indo-European culture, while the Jews belong to Semitic culture. He describes how Indo-European culture was characterized by a belief in many gods—pantheism. Similar ideas popped up in many different Indo-European languages, and were expressed by words that resembled each other greatly. The Semites, on the other hand, are characterized by monotheism, the belief in one god. Judaism, Islam, and Christianity are all Semitic religions. But Christianity complicates things, because it spread throughout Indo-European cultures and incorporated many features of those cultures. Semitic religions believe in one like Christianity, but also Indo-European culture believes in a messiah just like Jesus in the Christianity religion; so technically both cultures played a part in shaping Christianity. What is Descartes first movement of what is referred to as modern philosophy? What was his main â€Å"project† what type of conclusions did he arrive at? Descartes is often regarded as the first thinker to emphasize the use of reason to develop the Natural Sciences. It can be said his main goal was to find out truth to Gods existence then human existence, as these were the main two subjects. Descartes was the first philosopher in a long time to attempt to bring all knowledge into a coherent philosophy. His concerns were with certain knowledge—that which we can know for sure—and the mind/body relationship. Because philosophers believed in a mechanistic view of nature, it was critical to figure out how the minds thoughts became translated into actions of the body. Descartes doubted everything that was not certain and then realized that the very fact of his doubting meant he must be thinking. From there, he decided that the existence of God is also certain, and went on to define the world in terms of thought and matter, which he called extension. The mind and body interact, but the goal is to get the mind to operate solely according to reason. What did Spinoza propose as a way for understanding the world? How does this compare to Descartes conclusions? How are they similar? How are they different? He rejected Descartess dualism and believed that thought and extensions are simply two of Gods features that we can perceive. He had a deterministic view of the world, believing that God controlled all through natural laws. Spinoza felt that only God was truly free but that people could attain happiness through seeing things from the perspective of eternity. They are similar, because they both believe in God, but they are very different from Descartes relying mostly on reason, and Spinoza thinking that God controls everything through Natural Laws. Hume’s ideas on morality the source of morality: David Hume, an 18th century philosopher, stated that morality is based on sentiments rather than reason. He concluded this after he developed his â€Å"theory† of knowledge which stated that everything we could know was observable by the senses — he was a naturalistic philosopher. He then looked at situations in which he thought that there was an obvious â€Å"wrong† and he

Advantages and Disadvantages of Networks Essays

Advantages and Disadvantages of Networks Essays Advantages and Disadvantages of Networks Paper Advantages and Disadvantages of Networks Paper Advantages and disadvantages of networks I’ll start by saying that setting up a network is a serious job and should be done only by a person that is already familiar with the process of networking. The variety of options for setting up a home network can influence on a decision regarding the equipment needed to be purchase. Before deciding what hardware to buy you must first find out which type of network technology to use (by type of network technology I mean the way computers connect to the network and communicate with each other). I personally have a home Local Area Network (LAN) connected through a cable modem router to my D-LINK DSL modem. Besides LAN I have two computers (notebook and PC) and they are both connected to a printer and scanner, so that I can print or scan anything in a second just with one click. In my opinion the best thing about having a network is to be able to play multiplayer games with my husband or the fact that I don’t need a separate Internet Connection for every computer (although there is a downside to this, because when I’m downloading something from internet, websites take too long to open if my husband is working on the other computer). I can share the one I have on all of them. There are some disadvantages as well. Sometimes it happens that the network simply gets lost and it takes hours to figure out what the problem is. But, when I sum everything up, I really can`t understand how I lived without network before, because now I am able to do almost everything without leaving my home. What is your opinion on this subject? You can write about some of your experiences that can be useful for showing the advantages and disadvantages of networks or about what is already known on this topic. In this essay we will talk about networks and the various ways in which they can be used. While talking about networks we will also discuss various advantages and disadvantages related to them. There are several ways you can connect your computers: cables through the house or office, wireless – by radio waves or by telephone lines. Each of these methods requires configuration of the connected computers so that they are able to share files, printers and internet connection. Setting up a computer to operate in a network is not difficult. Each method has its advantages and disadvantages and we pay attention to them. Advantage of wireless network is that you have the freedom to use the internet from any room in your house or office and more people can use the internet at the same time. The disadvantages are that sometimes a router can’t cover the area needed and it can become difficult to reach a signal. But the biggest disadvantage of wireless Internet is that your network will be available to everyone who is using a wireless router and can use your network to access the internet at any time. This is why this kind of network needs to be protected with a security password in order to prevent it. Advantages of computer networks are numerous, while disadvantages are almost minimal if the networking is done properly. With a small investment in computer network, a person or organization can get the most of computers and accessories they already own or plan to purchase. Division of all resources in a network is possible (internet connection, printers, scanners, fax modems, plotters, etc. ). This means that from each of the computers in the network, you can print anything on a printer that is connected to the network through one of the computers located in another room or in another table. With implementation of network you do not need to get internet connection for each computer separately. It is enough that one has it in order to share it with others. Any user on network will have access to the Internet. This means that this person can read and send letters and surf Internet (surfing is just an option; the system can be set for every user separately, so that users do not have direct access to the Internet). When you have multiple computers at home or at work, and you want to share among them Internet connection, files or playing games, the best thing is to connect them by network. If a network file server develops a fault on the other hand, then users may not be able to run application programs or a fault on the network can cause users to loose data (if the files aren’t saved). Sometimes it can happen that if the network stops operating, it may not be possible to access various resources. Users become dependent upon network and the skills of the systems manager and it is difficult to make the system secure from hackers. Networks that have grown with little thought can be inefficient in the long term; as traffic increases on a network, the performance degrades unless it is designed properly; resources may be located too far away from some users; the larger the network becomes, the more difficult it is to manage. But still setting up an office network it is actually worth a while because the benefits from the fact that it can save you money to the fact that you can this way improve business as well as the quality of services a firm has to offer. And all of the security issues and costs and staff skills, a person can, with combination of proper training and by setting up a proper security system, reduce all of this issues to minimum and you definitely have more advantages then disadvantages. You can use your network to share files, a printer or another peripheral device and Internet connection. In peer-to-peernetwork you can exchange files or informations directly user to user possible. All clients provide resources, bandwidth, storage space, and computing power to the system. This increases the total capacity of the system and enables faster files sharing in peer to peer network. Disadvantage of P2P network is that with ityou can easily catch viruses, spyware or some other kind of malware andmost files shared this way are in breach of copy right. It also eats up a lot of bandwidth and affects anything else you plan on doing on internet. The thing I appreciate the most when it comes to network is if you have to work on another computer that is sharing a network with your computer and you need to access some data on your computer, you can do it easily, provided that your computer is turned on. I would like to discuss more about office networks too. The advantages and disadvantages of using network in office can influence on our decision whether it is a good or bad for our business. If you, for example have multiple computers in an office and you dont have a network, it can end up being too expensive. With implementation of network you could simply network printer and share it. Response times is the most important thing is the hardware you are running, so you have to be sure to run a server on a good hardware, so you can assure improvement in quality and speed up the amount of daily work. Single points of failure could be reduced with a properly implemented backup system for example. This way the problem with lost data when server crashes will be minimized or completely eliminated. In today’s society, it is practically impossible not to use some kind of network. The great advantages such as shared printers or possibility of computers being managed centrally with the same software installed on each one (although looking from Bill Gates prospective this would probably be a disadvantage)or the fact that communication across the network is cheap and fast are making a lot of jobs easier nowadays. There are unfortunately a few disadvantages too. If the person that is implementing the network is not skilled, compatibility issues with different types of software running on the network could be a threat. Sometimes the maintenance can be expensive, or as you’ve mentioned a fault with the server can prevent the whole network from working. A lot of work must be put into security measures so that we can prevent access to our network, especially from crackers and viruses. I hope to hear soon from our two colleagues and I’m looking forward to hear their point of view.

Secondary Data Analysis Assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Secondary Data Analysis Assignment - Essay Example figure 3 Deprived total compared No-qualification Level 4.2. Economic Deprivation: All Claimant compared higher level(4,5) qualifications 3.2.1 figure 4 All Claimant compared higher level(4,5) 5. Census Data and ACRON 5.1. Areas of agreement 5.2. Differences 6. Advantages and disadvantages of Census and ACRON 6.1. Advantages of Census 6.2. Disadvantages of Census 6.3. Advantages of ACRON 6.4. Disadvantages of ACRON 7. The Conclusion: Data Sources and Their Importance 1. Introduction and Background: The Office for National Statistics (ONS) produced Census data during 2001 and updated it during 2004. ONS counted all people resident in the area at the time of the 2001 Census and were aged 16 to 74 years old. On the other hand, CACI produced A classification called ACRON categorizing all UK population into 56 types. CANI provides marketing research and consumer classification data. In the following I will present some data analysis based on 2001 census data and then some information from ACRON. This practice will help me in understanding the advantages and disadvantages of both the sources. 2. Qualifications: In the following I will present the qualification comparison between Kingston upon Thames (Kingston), London, and England. This comparison will reflect the overall situation of qualifications in the respective area, region, or country with respect to the percentage of all people. 2.1. Qualification Comparison: All Levels As Kingston is part of London region and London region is a part of England, for valid and vivid comparison I will convert those counts into percentage with respect to all people counted in that area. Further, for better understanding the data will be represented in bar chart. 2.1.1. table 1 Comparison of Qualifications : All Levels    Area Level Kingston London England All People 109058 5300332 35532091 No Qualification 18707 1257929 10251674 Level 1 13315 689228 5909093 Level 2 20116 904205 6877530 Level 3 13503 518624 2962282 Level 4,5 37 698 1642467 7072052 Level Others 5719 287879 2459460 Data source: 2001 Census  © Crown Copyright 2001 2.1.2. table 2 Qualifications Comparison Percentage : All Levels    Area Level Kingston London England No Qualification 17 24 29 Level 1 12 13 17 Level 2 18 17 19 Level 3 12 10 8 Level 4,5 35 31 20 Level Others 5 5 7 Data source: 2001 Census  © Crown Copyright 2001 2.1.3. figure 1 Comparison of Qualifications in Percentage: All Levels Figure 1 reflects that in Kingston, trend of lower qualification is lower and higher qualification is higher as compare to London and England. For instance, no-qualification and level 1 qualification are respectively 17% and 12% as compare to 24,13 of London and 29,17 of England. On the other hand Level 4,5 qualification is higher in Kingston with the percentage of 35. Remember that level 1 is the lowest level of qualification in census and level 4,5 is the highest. Upon the basis of this data analysis I can safely conclude that level of qualific ation in Kingston is better than collective level of London and of England. In next section I will analyze whether this pattern have some correlation with economic deprivation or not? 3. Economic Deprivation: In 2001 census, for economic deprivation five key figures have been mentioned. In the following I will analyze three key figures i.e., All People of Working Age Claiming a Key Benefit(All Claiming), Jobseeker's Allowance Claimants(Jobseeker’s claimants), and Incapacity Benefits Claimants(Incapacity claimants). 3.1. Economic Depriva

Movie Piracy - Is There a Solution Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Movie Piracy - Is There a Solution - Essay Example This paper attempts to answer questions such as these. It argues why movie piracy should be stopped and how it can be curbed to a large extent, if not completely stopped. I. Instilling Ethics The film industry experiences losses to the tune of hundreds of billions of dollars due to movie piracy. Film studios and copyright holders are the largest victims. Movie piracy began with the advent of VCRs in the 1980s (Straubhaar, LaRose, and Davenport 204). Ever since, the copying and selling of movies has been rampant. It is vital for both, vendors of pirated movies and consumers of pirated movies, to realize that the very practice of propagating and consuming pirated movies is unethical. It is unjust to jeopardize and exploit the hard work of others and deprive them of their fair share. Pirate activities undermine every aspect of the legitimate filmmaking business since legitimate retailers cannot possibly compete fairly with pirate business. Pirate operations do not have the average expen ses associated with the cost of doing legitimate business. Piracy negatively affects every rung on the ladder including the studios that invest in the film, the distributors, the retailers, and foreign and local filmmakers (MPAA qt. in Pang 43). Movie piracy is prevalent worldwide. According to Indian filmmakers, movie piracy accounts for at least 50% loss of revenue (Badam 46). Commenting at the practice of movie piracy, Mukesh Bhatt, an Indian film producer, states, â€Å"I’ve seen my movies pirated in streets abroad and it makes my heart bleed because it means I’m not getting my rightful share,† (Badam 46). Those indulging in movie piracy need to realize that they are stripping the filmmakers of their hard work and well deserved earnings. It is important to understand that being involved in such unethical activities only for a few dollars is against civility and humanity. II. Highlighting the Actual Victims Another issue that must be brought to public notice is that movie piracy is not a victimless crime. Supporters of piracy may argue that it is not harmful to anyone and that it in fact eases the pockets of consumers who cannot afford to spend too much money. This belief is contrary to the actual reality. Video piracy in fact harms the economy in many ways, whose effects cascade down to the general public including the perpetrators of the crime themselves.  

Free Markets are Efficiency Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Free Markets are Efficiency - Essay Example In addition, the paper also focuses on the criticism and arguments surrounding the free market concept. The efficiency of free markets surrounds the effectiveness of an economy in the allocation of resources. The efficiency of a free market is dependant on satisfaction of several conditions that permit the agents in that economy to trade freely and attain the market equilibrium in quantity and price. For the purpose of this paper, a free market is one that has negligible government interference, or no such interference (Argelis & Pitelis, 2008: 1). With this in mind, we may define a free market as a market where the agents engage in selling and buying activities on own consent, without any legal compulsion. The prices at which a trade transaction takes place, or the quantities traded are not under control (direct or indirect) of third parties in the market. In essence, this implies that the market operates without legal restrictions or regulations. Simply, a free market is one where buyers decide freely the commodities to buy and their quantities at the prices of the sellers and sellers choose freely the commodities they are willing to manufacture and sell at their price that they decide to sell. The first welfare theorem or the invisible hand proposes that a free market provides a channel through which an economic system is able to reach the ideal level of production. According to Adam Smith in The Wealth of Nations, the different traders, like butchers and brewers, do not offer their services out of benevolence, but with a consideration of their own gains (Chang, 2002:5). Kenneth Arrow and Gerald Debreu later mathematically confirmed this theorem, indicating that in the event that all possible gains are exhausted from the exchange, then the free market attains an equilibrium equivalent to the Pareto efficiency in allocation of resources. In economics, the allocation of resources is Pareto efficient if there is no other feasible allocation preference by one pa rty, and which the other party equally likes, therefore making any further mutual benefiting allocation impossible (Hayek, 1945). For instance, party A and party B engage in a trade exchange. After several exchanges with emphasis on their level of endowment, party A and party B will reach a position on the curve (B and C), which is the Pareto optimal point of resource allocation (Lott, 2007: 82). The curve demonstrates the dual benefits of both parties for both reaching an equilibrium benefit of transfer and guiding the economy towards an outcome that observes the Pareto efficiency. Fig 1: Pareto optimality graph. From http://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://pmbook.ce.cmu.edu/images/fig8_1.gif&imgrefurl=http://pmbook.ce.cmu.edu/08_construction_pricing_and_conctracting.html&usg=__d69xypDoP0EqqL9D0orgPd46Ezw=&h=399&w=404&sz=5&hl=en&start=3&sig2=s1ZXuuc1Dtp3tLmn-opTVA&zoom=1&tbnid=AORY7mH4F1EvoM:&tbnh=122&tbnw=124&ei=uZDpTrifAsqZiQfMnYWyBw&um=1&itbs=1 The Pareto-efficient outcome is only attainable on the certain conditions that are generally not applicable in practice, despite the mathematical proof by Kenneth Arrow and Gerald Debreu (Mankiw, 2009:153). These conditions include, but not limited to, imperfect competition like a monopoly, inevitable provision of public goods, presence of externalities, negligible transaction costs that are difficult to achieve, and social priorities that often favor a particular

Melting Performance Enhancement of Triplex Tube Latent

Melting Performance Enhancement of Triplex Tube Latent Melting Performance Enhancement of Triplex Tube Latent Thermal Storage Using Fins-NanoPCM Technique Ammar M. Abdulateef1*, Sohif Mat1, Jasim Abdulateef2 1 Solar Energy Research Institute, University Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Diyala, 32001 Diyala, Iraq ABSTRACT Latent heat thermal energy storage (LHTES) systems using phase change material (PCM) could have lower heat transfer rates during charging/discharging processes due to its low inherence of the thermal conductivity. In this study, heat transfer enhancement using internal longitudinal fins employing PCM first and nanoPCM secondly in a large triplex tube heat exchanger (TTHX) was investigated by Fluent 15 software numerically. The results showed the thermal conductivity of pure PCM (0.2 W/m.K) could be enhanced to 25% by dispersing 10% alumina (AEO3) as a nanoparticle. However, the melting time is reduced to 12% as compared with the PCM only therefore, a longitudinal fins-nanoPCM technique achieved a complete PCM melting shortly (218 minutes). Consequently, the simulation results have been validated and illustrated a good agreement with the PCM and nanoPCM experimentally. Keywords: phase change material, triplex tube heat exchanger, melting time, longitudinal fins, nanoparticle Introduction The major emphasis associated with most of the solar devices application is the continuous power generation during cloud transients and non ­daylight hours. Thermal energy storage (TES) systems especially the latent heat thermal energy storage (LHTES) systems offer possibility to store higher amounts of thermal energy in comparison with sensible heat thermal energy storage (SHTES) systems. However, most the phase change materials (PCM) that used as storage media in the LHTES systems suffers from the low thermal conductivity (0.2 W/m.K), it often leads to uncompleted melting/solidification process and significant temperatures difference within the PCM, which in some cases can cause a material failure and system overheating. Many researchers studied the different kinds of heat exchangers used in the LHTES systems with (PCM). Among these, concentric cylinder, shell and tube, and triplex tube heat exchanger (TTHX) [1, 2]. Most of these have been proved a high efficient for minimum ISSN: 2367-89921 volume. Agyenim et al. [3] have been presented a significant comparison for three experimental configurations, a concentric tube system with no fins and augmented with circular and longitudinal fins. The system with longitudinal fins gave the most performance with increasing thermal response during charging and reduced sub ­cooling in the melt during discharging. Further, the melting performance enhancement of a small scale TTHX used in LHTES system has received a significant interest by [4, 5] where numerical and experimental investigations have been made using longitudinal fins technique only to improve the melting time of simple PCM. It can be seen, longitudinal fins are most common extended surfaces have been considered in TES systems. In addition, when a triplex tube heat exchanger (TTHX) is used, the heat transfer area is also extended to the PCM and thermal performance is enhanced respect to cylinder or shell and tube heat exchanger. On the other hand, the u nloading latent thermal storage, the solid-liquid interface moves away from the heat transfer surface and the heat flux decreases because of increasing the thermal resistance of the growing layer of the molten/solidified medium. This effect could be reduced by a technique of dispersing high thermal conductivity nanoparticles. The PCM melting dispersed with various volumetric concentrations of alumina (AhO3) that is heated from one side of a square enclosure is investigated numerically [6]. Wang et al. [7] improved thermal properties of paraffin wax by the addition of (TiO2) as a nanoparticle successfully without any surfactant. The biggest challenge that is faced to investigate for both of PCM and nanoPCM was a large triplex tube heat exchanger (TTHX). Therefore, the contribution in the heat transfer rate between the PCM and the HTF are augmented using internal longitudinal fins first and dispersing a high conductivity material such as alumina (Al2O3) secondly to be formed with longitudinal fins as fins-nanoPCM technique to produce the biggest demand thermal energy stored that is required for application in air conditioning systems. Numerical approach Physical model The physical configurations of the TTHX model for two cases (1) pure PCM and (2) nanoPCM are elucidated in Fig. 1. It consists of inner tube, middle tube, and outer tube that have 38.1 mm, 190.5 mm, and 250 mm in radius and 3 mm thickness, respectively with eight internal longitudinal fins each one has 121 mm long and 2 mm thickness. The inner tube and middle tube are made from copper and outer tube from steel. The water is used as HTF to transfer the heat by conviction to the walls and by conduction to the PCM or nanoPCM. The heat transfer during the PCM melting process is based on the both sides heating method where the heat is supplied from both inner and outer tubes during the charging process. The minimum temperature has been required to operate the PCM-LHTES system was approximately 90  °C. The PCM melting numerical model is solved using Ansys Fluent 15 software based on the enthalpy-porosity technique and the finite volume method [8]. The model is drawn and meshed in a two dimensions( r, 9) as well as boundary layers and zone types are defined using ISSN: 2367-89922 International Journal of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics http://www.iaras.org/iaras/journals/ijtam Gambit 2.4.6 software. The grids size number of the numerical model for internal longitudinal fins was calculated to 56200 as illustrated in Fig. 2. Fig. 1. Physical configurations of the TTHX-internal longitudinal fins. Fig. 2. Distribution of the grids size number in the middle tube of TTHX-internal longitudinal fin. Governing equation For the numerical analysis of the thermal process, the following assumptions are made: (1) the melting is Newtonian and incompressible; (2) the flow in the melting process is laminar, unsteady with negligible viscous dissipations; (3) the thermo-physical properties of the HTF and PCM are independent on the temperature; (4) the heat transfer is both of conduction and of convection controlled. The effect of natural convection during the charging process is considered by invoking the Boussinesq approximation that is valid for the density variations of buoyancy force, otherwise the effect is ignored. The density variation is defined as follow: p=Pi/(J3(T-Tl) + 1) (1) Volume 2, 2017 Ammar M. Abdulateef et al. International Journal of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics ttp://www.iaras.org/iaras/journals/ijtam where pi is the PCM density at the melting temperature at Tt and ft is the thermal expansion coefficient. The temperature distribution and viscous incompressible flow are solved by using the Navier-Stokes and thermal energy equations, respectively. The continuity, momentum, and thermal energy equations as follows [9]. The continuity equation: dt(p) + di(pui) = 0(2) The momentum equation: dt(pUi)+ dj(pui uj) = pdjj Ui-dip + pgt + Si(3) The energy equation: dt(ph) + dt(pAH) + di(pui h) = di(kdiT) (4) where p is the density of the PCM, ut is the fluid velocity, p is the dynamic viscosity, p is the pressure, g is the gravity acceleration, k is the thermal conductivity and h is a sensible enthalpy. The sensible enthalpy equation: T h = href + f^CpAT(5) The total enthalpy H equation: H = h +AH(6) where href is the reference enthalpy at the reference temperature Tref, Cp is the specific heat, AH is the latent heat content of thePCM that changes between zero (solid) and L (liquid), y is the liquid fraction, which is generated during the phase change between the solid and liquid state when the temperature is Tt > T > Ts, which can be written as: y = AH/L y = 0 y=l (7) if T T, Y = T-Te if T* Ti-Ts From equation (3) the source term St is: (8) Si = C(l-y) where C(1- y) y3+s 2 ui Y3+ £ (9) is the porosity function U defined by Brent et al. [10]. C is a constant describes how sharply the velocity is reduced to zero when the material solidifies. This constant varies between 104 and 107 (105 is considered), and  £ is a small (0.001) to prevent division by zero. 2.3. Boundary and initial conditions At the initial time, the PCM was in a solid state and the temperature reached to 27 oC. A constant temperature of the tube wall represented the HTF temperature [11, 12] that was at approximately 90  °C.The boundary conditions as follows: Both sides heating method: at r = rt^ T = Thtf(10) at r = rm ^ T = Thtf(11) Initial temperature of the model: at t = 0 ^ T = Tini(12) In case of nanoP CM, we have considere d the same conservation equations, boundary, and initial conditions mentioned above. 2.4. Thermophysical properties Table 1 describes the thermo-physical properties of materials are used [4], the thermophysical properties of the nanoPCM are calculated [13]: The density equation: Pnpcm0Pnp + (10)Ppcm(13) The sp ec ific heat cap acity e quati on: _ C, p,npcm Pnpcm The late nt h e at equatio n : _ (l $)(.pL)pcm (14) j=(15) npcm(15) Pnpcm The dynamics viscosity of nanoPCM isgiven by [14]: Pnpcm= 0.983e(12959 ®ppcm(16) The effective thermal conductivity of thenanoPCM, which includes the effects of particlesize (dnp), particle volume fraction (0), andtemperature dependence as well as propertie s ofthe base PCM. The particle subject to Brownianmotion is also given by [14]: Knp) 0 Knp + 2Kpcm 2 jj^pcm npCmKnp+2Kpcm+2(Kpcm-Knp) 0 Pcm + 5 x 1 0 4 yk g0ppCmcp,pcmJPnpdnp f(T 0) (17) where B is the Boltzmann constant (1.381 x 10-23 J/K) and yk = 8.4407(1000)-10à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢4. f(T, 0) = (2.8217 x 10-20+ 3.917 x 10-3) -+ (-3.0669 x 10-20- 3.91123 x Tref 10-3)(18) where Tref is the reference temperature = 273 K. We have evaluated in the equation (17), the effects of nanoparticle diameter (dnp = 20 nm), nanoparticle volume fraction (0 = 10%), and the reference temperature (Tref = 237 K). ISSN: 2367-8992 3 Volume 2, 2017 Ammar M. Abdulateef et al. Table 1. Thermophysical properties of PCM, copper, and alumina (AI2O3). Properties PCM (RT82) Copper A^O3 Density, solid, ps (Kg/m3) 950 8978 3600 Density, lquid, pi (Kg/m3) 770 Specific heat, Cpi , Cps (J/kgK) 2000 381 765 Latent heat of fusion, L (J/kg) 176000 Dynamic viscosity, p (kg/m.s) 0.03499 Melting temperature, Tm (K) 350.15 ­ 358.15 2345 Thermal conductivity, K fW/m.K) 0.2 387.6 36 Thermal expansion coefficient, (1/K) 0.001 Experimental and validation A schematic diagram of the LHTES system apparatus is illustrated in Fig. 3. The middle tube of TTHX is filled with 100 kg PCM first. The present numerical model for PCM and nanoPCM has been validated experimentally with PCM as illustrate in Fig. 4. A comparison resulted was not exceeded in percentage errors of 3% and showed a good agreement with an experimental test for two cases. Moreover, the average temperature of the PCM was 27  °C when melting process started and the HTF charging temperature by both sides heating method [4] was 90  °C with an experimental mass flow rate 37.5 L/min. Fig. 3. Schematic diagram of experimental apparatus of LHTES system, which includes; 1. Evacuated tube solar collectors (ETSC), 2. Flow meter, 3. Triplex tube heat exchanger (TTHX), 4. Thermocouple J-type, 5. Sensor (water), 6. Internal longitudinal fin, 7. Pressure vessel tank, 8. Pump, 9. Data acquisition, 10. Computer, 11. Water storage tank, 12. Electrical heater, 13. Pipes, 14. Valve two ways, 15. Valve three ways. ISSN: 2367-89924 International Journal of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics http://www.iaras.org/iaras/journals/ijtam Time (min) Fig. 4. Validation of an experimental and numerical model Results and discussion Internal fins heat transfer enhancement of PCM melting The isothermal contours of the PCM in TTHX with internal fins at different times (10, 60, 120, and 247 min) are elucidated in Fig. 5. firstly, heat transfer occurred between the hot wall of the tube and solid surface of the PCM by conduction, which dominated the melting process at the early stage and caused a very thin layer of the liquid that is surrounded the longitudinal fin surface and hot wall of the tube while the rest of the PCM remained solid without any phase change because of the effects of natural convection were limited. After 10 minutes, small convection cells are formed between the fins wall and subsequently expanded to the middle tube. Over time, cells convection emerged and facilitated the formation of the large convection cells at 60 minutes that are expanded to the bottom part of tube at 120 minutes because heat transfers by fins. The full PCM melting was accomplished at 247 minutes. Nanoparticle dispersed enhancement The thermo-physical properties of the nanoPCM with various volumetric concentrations of the alumina (AfO3) are calculated using equations (13-17). It is found that, the specific heat and latent heat of the nanoPCM are lower than the pure PCM whereas the thermal conductivity and dynamic viscosity of the nanoPCM are higher than the pure PCM, see Table 2. This variation in Volume 2, 2017 Liquid fraction International Journal of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics Ammar M. Abdulateef et al.http://www.iaras.org/iaras/journals/ijtam the thermal conductivity and dynamic viscosity agree well with the results that reported in [6]. Moreover, augmenting the alumina nanoparticle (AhO3) volume concentrations caused to reduce the PCM melting time, see Fig. 6. Consequently, the PCM with 10% alumina (AhO3) is considered sssssssssssssssasssss 10 min60 min 120 min247 min Fig. 5. Isothermal contours of the PCM in TTHX- longitudinal fins. Table 2. Variation of the thermal conductivity and dynamic viscosity of nanoPCM. Volumetric concentration Thermal conductivity k (W/m.K) Dynamic viscosity g (kg/m.s) Simple PCM 0.2 0.03499 Nano-PCM (1% M2O3 ) 0.206 0.0121161 Nano-PCM (4% M2O3) 0.225 0.0485 Nano-PCM (7% M2O3) 0.245 0.084812 Nano-PCM (10% M2O3 ) 0.265 0.121161 1.2 0100200300 Time (min) Fig. 6. Effect of the nanoparticle concentrations. 4.2.1. Nanoparticle-internal fins technique The isothermal contours of the fins-nanoPCM technique in TTHX at different times (10, 60, 120, and 218 min) are shown in Fig. 7. A significant reduction in time was observed by dispersing 10% nanoparticle to the PCM when the absorbed energy was stored to the required load under the effects of both sides heating method, which is augmented the conduction heat transfer rate. Therefore, the full melting of the PCM is completed at 218 minutes. Consequently, the nanoparticle plays a significant role in the melting rate enhancement where the thermal conductivity of simple PCM (0.2 W/m.K) could be enhanced to 25% significantly that is caused to increase the conduction heat transfer. 10 min60 min 120 min218 min Fig. 7. Isothermal contours of the fins-nanoPCM technique. Comparison of PCM melting time for two cases Figure 8 illustrates liquid fraction vs. melting time for the PCM and nanoPCM in TTHX- internal longitudinal fins. As shown, the PCM melting time is reduced using nanoPCM to 12% as compared to the PCM only. The PCM melting retardation was reduced because of augmenting the thermal conductivity of PCM effectively. ISSN: 2367-8992 5 Volume 2, 2017 Liquid fraction Ammar M. Abdulateef et al. International Journal of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics http://www.iaras.org/iaras/journals/ijtam Consequently, the model of fins-nanoPCM is considered the most efficient technique to achieve the PCM melting shortly (218 min). Fig. 8. Liquid fraction vs. melting time for the PCM and nanoPCM in TTHX-intemal longitudinal fins. CONCLUSION Heat transfer enhancement for a large triplex tube heat exchanger (TTHX) has been represented the biggest challenge in LHTES system. The results showed the thermal conductivity of simple PCM (0.2 W/m.K) could be enhanced to 25% by dispersing 10% alumina and the melting time is reduced to 12% as compared with the PCM only. Consequently, the model of fins-nanoPCM has been considered the most efficient technique based on both sides heating method to achieve the PCM melting shortly (218 min). However, the numerical results have validated and showed a good agreement with the PCM and nanoPCM experimentally. Nomenclature BBoltzmann constant (J/K) Cmushy zone constant (kg/m3s) Cpspecific heat (J/kg.K) gi gravity acceleration in the i-direction (m/s2) Henthalpy (J/kg) HTFheat transfer fluid Llatent heat fusion (J/kg) kthermal conductivity (W/m.K) ppressure (Pa) Tmmelting temperature (oC or K) uvelocity component (m/s) Simomentum source term in the i-direction (Pa/m) pfluid density (kg/m3) yliquid fraction Pthermal expansion coefficient (1 /K) Zcorrection factor Acknowledgements The authors gratefully appreciate a financial support that provided by Solar Energy Research Institute(SERI),University Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), Malaysia. References H. Niyas, P. Muthukumar, Performance analysis of latent heat storage systems, International Journal of Scientific Engineering Research 4 (2013) 2229-5518. Y.L. Jian, Numerical and experimental investigation for heat transfer in triplex concentric tube with phase change material for thermal energy storage, Solar Energy 32 85-977. F. Agyenim, P. Eames, M. Smyth, A comparison of heat transfer enhancement in a medium temperature thermal energy storage heat exchanger using fins, Solar Energy 83 1509-1520. S. Mat, A.A. Al-Abidi, K. Sopian, M.Y. Sulaiman, A.T. Mohammad, Enhance heat transfer for PCM melting in triplex tube with internal-external fins, Energy Conversion and Management 74 (2013) 223-236. A.A. Al-Abidi, S. Mat, K. Sopian, M.Y. Sulaiman, A.T. Mohammad, Heat transfer enhancement for PCM thermal energy storage in triplex tube heat exchanger, Heat Transfer Engineering, vol. 37, pp. 705-712, 2016. A.V. Arasu, A.S. Mujumdar, Numerical study on melting of paraffin wax with Al2O3 in a square enclosure, International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer 39 (2012) 8-16. J. Wang, H. Xie, Z. Guo, L. Guan, Y. Li, Improved thermal properties of paraffin wax by the addition of TiO2 nanoparticles, Applied Thermal Engineering (2014) 1-7. S.V. Patankar, Numerical heat transfer and fluid flow, McGraw Hill, New York, 1980. A.A.R. Darzi, M. Farhadi, K. Sedighi, Numerical study of melting inside concentric and eccentric horizontal annulus, Appl Math Model 36 (2012) 4080-4086. A.D. Brent, V.R.Voller, K.J. Reid, Enthalpy-porosity technique for melting convection-diffusion phase change: application to the melting of a pure metal, Numer Heat Transfer 13 (1988) 297-318. C. Guo, W. Zhang, Numerical simulation and parametric study on new type of high temperature latent heat thermal energy storage system, Energy Convers Management 49 (2008) 27-919. M.J. Hosseini, A.A. Ranjbar, K. Sedighi, M. Rahimi, A combined experimental and computational study on the melting behavior of a medium temperature phase change storage material inside shell and tube heat exchanger, International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer 39 (2012) 1416-1424. [ 1 3 ] A.P. Sasmito, J.C. Kurnia, A.S. Mujumdar, Numerical evaluation of laminar heat transfer enhancement in nanofluid flow in coiled square tubes, Nanoscale Research Letters 6 (2011) 376. [14] R.S. Vajjha, D.K. Das, PK. Namburu, Numerical study of fluid dynamic and heat transfer performance of Al2O3 and CuO nanofluids in the flat tubes of a radiator, International Journal of Heat Fluid Flow 31 (2010 ) 613-621. ISSN: 2367-8992 6 Volume 2, 2017

Richard Feynman :: biography biographies bio

Early Years * Richard Phillips Feynman was born May 11, 1918 to Melville and Lucille Feynman. His sister, Joan, followed later, March 31, 1928. * Richard's life was charted for science before he was even born. Melville decided while the child was still in the womb that if the baby was a boy he would grow up to be a scientist. Richard, in fact, was a boy and his precocious young mind caught on quickly to his father's earliest scientific teaching. His father's practice of teaching Richard to ask investigative questions began a lifetime devoted to the wonder and mystery of the universe. * It was this process, learned early in life, of questioning and observing, the classic scientific method, that Richard credited his discoveries by. As he stated in an address to science teachers in 1966, " I think it is very important--at least it was to me--that if you are going to teach people to make observations, you should show that something wonderful can come from them. I learned then what science was about: it was patience. If you looked, and you watched, and you paid attention, you got a great reward from it--although possibly not every time. As a result, when I became a more mature man, I would painstakingly, hour after hour, for years, work on problems--sometimes many years, sometimes shorter times; many of them failing, lots of stuff going into the wastebasket--but every once in a while there was the gold of a new understanding that I had learned to expect when I was a kid, the result of observation. For I did not learn that observation was not worthwhile (What Is Sc ience?)." * In high school, Richard's aptitude for learning was most evident. He excelled at math, building a solid foundation for his physics career ahead. In fact, he won first prize in the New York University math competition in his final year in Far Rockaway high school (Wikipedia). * After high school, Richard continued his education at Massachusetts Institute of Technology graduating with a degree in physics in 1939 as well as receiving the pretigious Putnam Fellow reward (Wikipedia). As an undergraduate, Feynman took every physics course offered at the university. He then continued his education, moving on to Princeton to study for his Ph.D. Once again, Feynman showed his facility with all things mathematical, receiving a perfect score on the mathematical and physics portion of the Princeton entrance exam.

The Hunters: Phantom Chapter 26

The day passed with much research, but with very little in the way of results, which left Elena feeling increasingly concerned for her comatose friend. By the time night fel and Aunt Judith cal ed to wearily inquire whether Elena's family would see her at al that day, they had sorted through the first bag of papers and Alaric had gone over a third or so of what seemed to be the notebook in which Caleb kept the record of his magical experiments, grumbling about Caleb's terrible handwriting. Elena frowned, flipping through another stack of papers. Looking through the pictures and clippings confirmed that Celia hadn't been among Caleb's planned victims. If the phantom had targeted her first, it must have been because she was rich in whatever emotion this phantom fed off. â€Å"Snippiness,† Meredith suggested, but she was careful to say it out of Alaric's hearing. The clippings and printouts also showed that Caleb was indeed obsessed with Tyler's disappearance, and that he had evidence and memories of two different time lines for the same period – one where Fel ‘s Church had been fal ing apart and Elena Gilbert had been dead, and one where everything had been just fine, thanks in the smal Virginia town of Fel ‘s Church, including the continuing reign of the senior class's golden girl, Elena. In addition to Caleb's own double memories, which covered only the summer, Tyler had apparently talked to him over the phone the previous fal and winter about the mysterious events surrounding Mr. Tanner's death and everything that fol owed. Although it didn't sound from Caleb's notes like Tyler had mentioned his own transformation to werewolf and conspiracy with Klaus, just his growing suspicions of Stefan. â€Å"Tyler.† Elena groaned. â€Å"Even though he's long gone, he manages to make trouble.† Alaric's examination of the notebook so far had proved that they were right that Caleb was a magic user, and that he was planning to use his magic both to take vengeance against them and to try to locate Tyler. But it hadn't shown how he had summoned the phantom. And despite Alaric's bringing any likely looking note, incantation, or drawing to Mrs. Flowers for inspection, they had not yet discovered what kind of spel Caleb had been doing, or what purpose the roses served. Stefan escorted Elena home for dinner, then returned to continue helping the others. He'd wanted to stay with Elena, but she had a feeling her aunt would not appreciate a lastminute dinner guest. The second Elena stepped through the door, she could feel Damon's lingering presence and remembered how, just hours ago, they had stood upstairs, holding each other. Al through the meal, while she told Margaret a bedtime story, and then during her last cal to Meredith to check on the rest of the group's progress, she'd thought longingly of him, wondering whether she would see him tonight. That in turn set off pangs of guilt related to Stefan and Bonnie. She was being so selfish, keeping Stefan's brother's return from him, and thinking of herself while Bonnie was in danger. The whole cycle was exhausting, but stil she couldn't contain her exuberance that Damon was alive. Alone in her room at last, Elena ran a brush through her silky golden hair and pul ed on the simple cool nightgown she'd wo rn the night before. It was hot and humid outside, and through her window she could hear the crickets chirping busily. The stars were shining, and a half-moon floated high over the trees outside. She cal ed good night to Aunt Judith and Robert and climbed into bed, fluffing the pil ows around her. She half expected a long wait. Damon liked to tease, and he liked to make an entrance, so he was quite likely to wait until he thought she would be asleep, and then sweep into her room. But she had barely turned off the light when a piece of darkness seemed to separate itself from the night outside her window. There was the faintest scuff of a footstep on the floor, and then her mattress groaned as Damon settled himself at the foot of her bed. â€Å"Hel o, love,† he said softly. â€Å"Hi,† she said, smiling at him. His black eyes glittered at her from the shadows, and Elena suddenly felt warm and happy, despite everything. â€Å"What's the latest?† he asked. â€Å"I saw a lot of fuss going on at the boardinghouse. Something got your sidekicks in a tizzy?† His tone was casual y sarcastic, but his gaze was intense, and Elena knew he had been worried. â€Å"If you let me tel everyone you're alive, you could be with us and then you'd know everything that's going on firsthand,† she teased. Then she grew somber. â€Å"Damon, we need your help. Something terrible has happened.† She told him about Bonnie, and about what they had discovered in the Smal woods' garden shed. Damon's eyes flamed. â€Å"A phantom's got the little redbird?† â€Å"That's what Mrs. Flowers's mother said,† Elena answered. â€Å"Stefan told us that he'd known of a rage phantom somewhere back in Italy.† Damon made a little pfft! noise. â€Å"I remember that. It was amusing at the time, but nothing like what you've been describing. How does this theory of Stefan's explain Bonnie's being taken? Or the appearance of the names when someone is threatened?† â€Å"It's Mrs. Flowers's theory, too,† Elena said indignantly. â€Å"Or her mother's, I guess. And it's the only one that makes sense.† She could feel Damon stroking her arm with the most featherlight touch, and it felt good. The hairs prickled on the back of her arms, and she shivered with pleasure in spite of herself. Stop it, she thought sternly. This is serious business. She moved her arm out of Damon's reach. He sounded amused and lazy when he next spoke. â€Å"Wel , I can't blame the old witch and her ghost mother,† he said. â€Å"Humans mostly stay in their own dimension; they learn only the tiniest piece of what's happening, even the most gifted of them. But if Stefan behaved like any self-respecting vampire and didn't go around trying to be human al the time, he'd have a little more of a clue. He's barely even traveled to the Dark Dimension except when he was dragged there to sit in a cage or save Bonnie. Maybe if he had, he would understand what was going on and be able to protect his pet humans a little better.† Elena bristled. â€Å"Pet humans? I'm one of those pet humans, too.† Damon chuckled, and Elena realized he had said that purposely, to rile her up. â€Å"A pet? You, princess? Never. A tiger, maybe. Something wild and dangerous.† Elena rol ed her eyes. Then the implication of Damon's words hit her. â€Å"Wait, are you saying this isn't a phantom? And that you know what it actual y is? Is it something that comes from the Dark Dimension?† Damon shifted closer to her again. â€Å"Would you like to know what I know?† he said, his voice like a caress. â€Å"There are a lot of things I could tel you.† â€Å"Damon,† Elena said firmly. â€Å"Stop flirting and pay attention. This is important. If you know anything, please tel me. If you don't, please don't play games with me. Bonnie's life is at stake. And we're al in danger. You're in danger, too, Damon: Don't forget, your name's been written, and we don't know for sure that whatever happened on the Dark Moon was the attack on you.† â€Å"I'm not too concerned.† Damon waved his hand disparagingly. â€Å"It would take more than a phantom to hurt me, princess. But, yes, I know a little more about this than Stefan does.† He turned her hand over and traced her palm with cool fingers. â€Å"It is a phantom,† he said. â€Å"But it's not the same kind we saw in Italy long ago. Do you remember that Klaus was an Original? He wasn't sired like Katherine or Stefan or I was; he was never human. Vampires like Klaus consider vampires like us who started out as humans to be weak half-breeds. He was much stronger than us and much more difficult to kil . There are different types of phantoms, too. The phantoms who are born of human emotions on Earth are able to intensify and spur on these emotions. They don't have much consciousness of their own, though, and they never get very strong. They're just parasites. If they are cut off from the emotions they need to survive, they fade away pretty quickly.† Elena frowned. â€Å"But you think this is another, more powerful kind of phantom? Why? What did Sage tel you?† Damon tapped her hand with one finger as he counted. â€Å"One: the names. That's beyond the powers of an ordinary phantom. Two: It took Bonnie. A regular phantom wouldn't be able to do that, and wouldn't get anything out of it if it could. An Original phantom, though, can steal her spirit and take it back to the Dark Dimension. It can drain her life force and emotions to make itself stronger.† â€Å"Wait,† Elena said, alarmed. â€Å"Bonnie's back in the Dark Dimension? Anything could be happening to her! She could be enslaved again!† Tears pricked at the corners of her eyes as she thought of how humans were treated in the Dark Dimension. Damon squeezed her hand. â€Å"No, don't worry about that. She's there only in spirit – the phantom wil have her in some kind of holding cel ; it'l want her safe. I think the worst thing that could happen to her is she'l be bored.† He frowned. â€Å"It'l sap her life force, though, and that'l weaken her eventual y.† â€Å"You think that being bored's the worst thing that could happen to her†¦ oh, at least until it drains al her life force? That's not good enough, Damon. We have to help her.† Elena thought for a moment. â€Å"So phantoms live in the Dark Dimension?† Damon hesitated. â€Å"Not in the beginning. The Original phantoms were relegated to the Dark Moon by the Guardians.† â€Å"Where you died.† â€Å"Yes,† Damon said caustical y. Then he rubbed the back of her hand in a silent apology for his tone. â€Å"Original phantoms are kept inside some kind of prison on the Dark Moon, just itching for a chance to get out. Like genies in a bottle. If something broke the prison wal , their ultimate goal would be to make it to Earth and feed on human emotions. After the World Tree was destroyed, Sage said things changed, which would make sense if an Original phantom managed to escape as things shifted after the destruction.† â€Å"Why come al the way to Earth, though?† Elena asked. â€Å"There're al those demons and vampires in the Dark Dimension.† She could see Damon's smile in the shadows. â€Å"I guess human emotion is extra-delicious. Like human blood is. And there aren't enough humans in the Dark Dimension to make a real y good meal. There are so many humans on Earth that an Original here can just keep on gorging on emotion and growing ever more powerful.† â€Å"So it fol owed us from the Dark Moon?† Elena asked. â€Å"It must have hitched a ride with you when you came back to Earth. It would have wanted to get as far from its prison as possible, so an opening between dimensions would have been irresistible.† â€Å"And it was freed from its prison when I used my Wings of Destruction and blasted the moon?† Damon shrugged. â€Å"That seems to be the most likely explanation.† Elena's heart sank. â€Å"So Bonnie's vision was right. I brought this. It's my fault.† He brushed back her hair and kissed her neck. â€Å"Don't think of it that way,† he said. â€Å"How could you have stopped it? You didn't know. And I'm grateful you used the Wings of Destruction: That's what saved me, after al . The important thing now is to fight the phantom. We need to send it back before it gets too powerful. If it gets a real foothold here, it can start influencing more and more people. The whole world could be in danger.† Elena half consciously arched her neck to one side so that Damon could get a better angle, and he gently traced the vein on the side of her neck with his lips for a moment before she realized what they were doing and nudged him away again. â€Å"I don't understand, though. Why would it tel us who it's going after next?† she said. â€Å"Why does it give us the names?† â€Å"Oh, that's not its own doing,† Damon said, and kissed her shoulder. â€Å"Even the most powerful phantom has to fol ow the rules. It's part of the spel the Guardians put on the Original phantoms, when they relegated them to the Dark Moon. A safeguard in case the Originals ever escaped. This way, their prey knows they're coming, and it gives them a fair shot at resisting.† â€Å"The Guardians imprisoned it,† Elena said. â€Å"Would they help us send it back?† â€Å"I don't know,† Damon said shortly. â€Å"I wouldn't ask them if I could help it, though. I don't trust them, do you?† Elena thought of the cool efficiency of the Guardians, of the way they had dismissed Damon's death as irrelevant. Of the way they had caused her own parents' death. â€Å"No,† she said, shivering. â€Å"Let's leave them out of it if we can.† â€Å"We'l defeat it ourselves, Elena,† Damon said, and caressed her cheek with his hand. â€Å"Stop it,† Elena said. â€Å"We have to concentrate.† Damon stopped trying to touch her for a moment and thought. â€Å"Tel me about your little friends. Have people been tense? Fighting? Acting out of character?† â€Å"Yes,† Elena said immediately. â€Å"No one's been acting like themselves. I can't put my finger on it, but something's been wrong since we got back.† Damon nodded. â€Å"Since it probably came with you, it makes sense that it would have targeted you and those connected to you as its first victims.† â€Å"But how do we stop it?† Elena asked. â€Å"What do these stories you've heard about the Original phantoms say about recapturing them once they've escaped from their prison?† Damon sighed, and his shoulders slumped a little. â€Å"Nothing,† he said. â€Å"I don't know anything more. I'l have to go back to the Dark Dimension and see what I can find out, or if I can fight the phantom from there.† Elena stiffened. â€Å"It's too dangerous, Damon.† Damon chuckled, a dry sound in the darkness, and Elena felt his fingers run through her hair, smoothing the silky strands, then twisting them, tugging them gently. â€Å"Not for me,† he said. â€Å"The Dark Dimension is a great place to be a vampire.† â€Å"Except that you died there,† Elena reminded him. â€Å"Damon, please. I can't stand to lose you again.† Damon's hand stil ed, and then he was kissing her gently, and his other hand came up to touch her cheek. â€Å"Elena,† he said as he reluctantly broke the kiss. â€Å"You won't lose me.† â€Å"There has to be another way,† she insisted. â€Å"Wel , then we'd better find it, and soon,† Damon answered grimly. â€Å"Otherwise the entire world wil be at risk.† Damon was saturated with Elena. Her sweet, rich scent in his nostrils, the throbbing beat of her heart in his ears, the silk of her hair and the satin of her skin against his fingers. He wanted to kiss her, to hold her, to sink his fangs into her and taste the heady nectar of her blood, that vibrant blood that tasted like no one else's. But she made him go, although he knew she didn't real y want to. She didn't say it was because of his little brother that she pushed him away, but he knew anyway. It was always Stefan. When he left her, he transformed graceful y into a large black crow again and flew from her bedroom window to the quince tree nearby. There, he folded his wings and shifted from one foot to another, settling in to watch over her. He could sense her through the window, anxious at first, her thoughts churning, but soon her pulse slowed, her breathing deepened, and he knew she was asleep. He would stay and guard her. There was no question: He had to save her. If Elena wanted a chivalrous knight, someone who would protect her nobly, Damon could do that. Why should that weakling Stefan have al the glory? But he wasn't sure what came next. Despite Elena's begging him not to go, heading into the Dark Dimension seemed like the logical next step in fighting this phantom. But how to get there? There were no easy paths. He didn't have the time to journey to one of the gates again, nor did he want to leave Elena's side long enough to travel there. And he couldn't expect to find something as useful as a star bal again by chance. Plus, if he did get there, being in the Dark Dimension would have special dangers for him now. He didn't think the Guardians knew he had come back from the dead, and he didn't know how they would react when they did. He'd rather not find out. The Guardians didn't care for vampires much, and they tended to like things to stay the way they ought to be. Look at how they had stripped Elena's Powers when she came to their attention. Damon hunched his shoulders and fluffed out his iridescent feathers irritably. There had to be another way. There was the slightest rustle underfoot. No one without the sensitive ears of a vampire would have heard it, it was so cautious, but Damon caught it. He snapped to attention and peered sharply around. No one would get to his princess. Oh. Damon relaxed again and clicked his beak in vexation. Stefan. The shadowy figure of his little brother stood beneath the tree, head tilted back, gazing in devotion at Elena's darkened window. Of course he was there, standing by to defend her against al the horrors of the night. And just like that, Damon knew what he had to do: If he wanted to learn more about the phantom, he'd have to give himself over to it. He closed his eyes, al owing every negative feeling he'd ever had about Stefan to wash over him. How Stefan had always taken everything Damon wanted, had stolen it, if he needed to. Damn Stefan, Damon thought bitterly. If his brother hadn't come to town earlier than him, Damon would have had a chance to make Elena fal in love with him first, to be the one to reap the utter devotion he saw in her eyes when she looked at Stefan. Instead, here he was, second-best. He hadn't been enough for Katherine either; she had wanted his brother, too. Elena, tiger to the kitten Katherine had been, would have been the perfect mate for Damon. Beautiful, strong, wily, capable of great love, they could have ruled the night together. But she had fal en for his lily-livered weakling of a little brother. Damon's claws clenched the branch he sat on. â€Å"Isn't it sad,† a quiet voice beside him suggested, â€Å"how you try and try, but you're never enough for the women you love?† A cool tendril of fog touched his wing. Damon straightened and looked around. Dark fog was winding around the quince tree, just at Damon's level. Below, Stefan stood unaware. The fog had come for Damon alone. With a private smile, Damon felt the fog envelop him, and then al was darkness.